fix(submit): bound the untrusted upload lane — per-user caps + throttles (#75)

A logged-in user could file submissions without bound and stream a 1 GiB
context per submission. The only limits were the single-blob size cap and the
5 GiB uploads PVC (platform/workloads.go); nothing counted a user's rows or
bytes, so one account could fill the volume and every other user's upload
would start failing.

- Create: per-user pending_review cap (default 5) — the review queue cannot
  be parked full of one account's rows. Check-then-insert, documented soft.
- UploadContext: per-user stored-context budget (default 2 GiB) charged
  against the blob store's REAL sizes (new Blobs.Size on local/S3 stores), so
  the sum cannot drift from the volume; the write is capped at the remaining
  budget, so the excess is refused before it is persisted, and a re-upload is
  charged only for its new bytes.
- API: per-user create/upload throttles (30s/15s, cmd/felis-wired) on a
  dedicated cooldown keyspace, reserve→release so a failed attempt never
  burns the window and a burst collapses to one winner; ErrQuotaExceeded →
  403 submission_quota_exceeded (distinct from the 400 an oversize blob
  gets), 429 submission_cooldown for the throttles.
- Panel: zh/en copy for both codes; openapi documents 403/429 on the two
  user routes; pgint covers the pending-queue count.

Unit tests: submit package (cap, budget boundary/exact-fit/replacement,
oversize-vs-quota split) and api handlers (quota 403 both paths, throttle
429 + recovery + failure-release). go vet/go test/gofmt clean; panel
vitest 118 + typecheck green.

cmd/felis/api.go

@@ -291,6 +291,11 @@ func cmdAPI(args []string, stdout, stderr io.Writer) int {
 		AdminHostname: cfg.Auth.AdminHostname,
 		PanelHostname: cfg.Auth.PanelHostname,
 		WakeCooldown:  30 * time.Second,
+		// The user-modpack lane's per-user throttles: a create spaces out
+		// review-queue rows, an upload spaces out (up to 1 GiB) context streams.
+		// Separate keys, so the normal create→upload sequence stays immediate.
+		SubmitCreateCooldown: 30 * time.Second,
+		SubmitUploadCooldown: 15 * time.Second,
 		// Bound concurrent console/build-log SSE streams per principal. Generous enough
 		// for legitimate multi-tab / multi-server watching, while capping how many
 		// upstream follow connections a single caller can tie up if their streams stall.

docs/openapi.yaml

@@ -4266,6 +4266,15 @@ paths:
           $ref: '#/components/responses/BadRequest'
         '401':
           $ref: '#/components/responses/Unauthorized'
+        '403':
+          description: >-
+            The per-user submission allowance is spent — too many of the
+            caller's submissions are awaiting review, or their stored-upload
+            budget is full (submission_quota_exceeded).
+        '429':
+          description: >-
+            A submission was created within the per-user cooldown window
+            (submission_cooldown).
         '503':
           $ref: '#/components/responses/ServiceUnavailable'
     get:
@@ -4307,8 +4316,10 @@ paths:
         principal; a submission the caller does not own is reported as 404, so
         this endpoint cannot upload to or probe another user's submission. Only a
         pending_review submission accepts a context (409 otherwise); a wrong-format
-        or oversize body is rejected with 400. Returns 503 when the deployment's
-        context store has no implemented upload transport.
+        or oversize body is rejected with 400, and an upload that would push the
+        caller past their per-user stored-context budget is refused with 403
+        before the excess is persisted. Returns 503 when the deployment's context
+        store has no implemented upload transport.
       x-felis-face: [external]
       x-felis-tier: app
       security: [{ accessJWT: [] }]
@@ -4329,10 +4340,18 @@ paths:
           $ref: '#/components/responses/BadRequest'
         '401':
           $ref: '#/components/responses/Unauthorized'
+        '403':
+          description: >-
+            The upload would exceed the caller's per-user stored-context budget
+            (submission_quota_exceeded).
         '404':
           $ref: '#/components/responses/NotFound'
         '409':
           $ref: '#/components/responses/Conflict'
+        '429':
+          description: >-
+            An upload was accepted within the per-user cooldown window
+            (submission_cooldown).
         '503':
           $ref: '#/components/responses/ServiceUnavailable'
 

internal/api/api.go

@@ -123,6 +123,15 @@ type API struct {
 	// on the wake lever). Zero disables throttling.
 	WakeCooldown time.Duration
 
+	// SubmitCreateCooldown / SubmitUploadCooldown throttle the user-modpack
+	// submission lane per user: create bounds how quickly review-queue rows can
+	// appear, upload bounds how often a user may stream a (up to 1 GiB) build
+	// context. The keys are separate, so the lane's normal shape — create, then
+	// upload — is never blocked by its own throttle. Zero disables each lever
+	// (the same idiom as WakeCooldown); cmd/felis wires positive values.
+	SubmitCreateCooldown time.Duration
+	SubmitUploadCooldown time.Duration
+
 	// MaxRunningServers caps how many servers may be desired-Running cluster-wide
 	// (spec §9.1: the concurrency-上限 lever hanging on the same wake chokepoint as
 	// cooldown and autostartPolicy). Zero — the default — disables it: §9.2 wires
@@ -158,6 +167,9 @@ type API struct {
 	otpCooldownOnce sync.Once
 	otpCooldown     *cooldownLimiter
 
+	submitCooldownOnce sync.Once
+	submitCooldown     *cooldownLimiter
+
 	streamCapOnce sync.Once
 	streamCap     *streamLimiter
 }
@@ -204,6 +216,20 @@ func (a *API) otpLimiter() *cooldownLimiter {
 	return a.otpCooldown
 }
 
+// submitLimiter lazily builds a SEPARATE cooldown limiter for the user-modpack
+// submission lane, so its throttles never share state with the wake or OTP
+// keyspaces. One limiter backs both levers with prefixed keys (see the
+// submissionCreateKey/UploadKey constants), so create and upload never contend
+// with each other. Like the other cooldowns it is process-local; with multiple
+// api replicas the effective spacing is per-replica, the same accepted
+// KNOWN-LIMITATION the OTP resend throttle carries.
+func (a *API) submitLimiter() *cooldownLimiter {
+	a.submitCooldownOnce.Do(func() {
+		a.submitCooldown = &cooldownLimiter{now: a.now, last: map[string]time.Time{}}
+	})
+	return a.submitCooldown
+}
+
 // streamGate lazily builds the per-principal SSE stream cap bound to
 // MaxStreamsPerPrincipal. A zero cap yields a disabled limiter that admits every
 // stream, so a deployment (or test) that leaves it unset pays nothing.

internal/api/submissions.go

@@ -59,6 +59,15 @@ type createSubmissionRequest struct {
 	DisplayName string `json:"display_name"`
 }
 
+// The submission lane's two cooldown keys, prefixed into the shared submit
+// limiter's per-user keys. Create and upload are separate levers on purpose:
+// creating a submission and then immediately uploading its context is the lane's
+// normal shape, so one must never consume the other's window.
+const (
+	submissionCreateKey = "create:"
+	submissionUploadKey = "upload:"
+)
+
 // rejectSubmissionRequest is the POST /submissions/{id}/reject body. A reason is
 // required (the submit layer rejects an empty one with 400).
 type rejectSubmissionRequest struct {
@@ -74,6 +83,26 @@ func (a *API) handleCreateSubmission(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 	p := principalFromContext(r.Context())
+	// Reserve the per-user create cooldown BEFORE the store write. Unlike the
+	// wake lever's allowed→record (whose real gate is the running cap and whose
+	// effect is idempotent), a create is a non-idempotent row insertion with no
+	// other bound on its rate, so a burst of truly concurrent creates must yield
+	// exactly one winner per window. The deferred rollback frees the window
+	// whenever the create fails — a 400 typo, a spent quota, a store error — so
+	// only a row that was actually recorded consumes it.
+	lim := a.submitLimiter()
+	reservedAt, ok := lim.reserve(submissionCreateKey+p.UserID, a.SubmitCreateCooldown)
+	if !ok {
+		writeError(w, r, newError(http.StatusTooManyRequests, "submission_cooldown",
+			"a submission was created recently; wait a moment before creating another"))
+		return
+	}
+	committed := false
+	defer func() {
+		if !committed {
+			lim.release(submissionCreateKey+p.UserID, reservedAt)
+		}
+	}()
 	var body createSubmissionRequest
 	if err := decodeJSON(w, r, &body); err != nil {
 		writeError(w, r, err)
@@ -87,6 +116,7 @@ func (a *API) handleCreateSubmission(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		writeSubmitError(w, r, err)
 		return
 	}
+	committed = true
 	a.audit(r, p.Email, "submission.create", sub.ID)
 	writeJSON(w, http.StatusCreated, sub)
 }
@@ -107,12 +137,34 @@ func (a *API) handleUploadSubmissionContext(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Reque
 		return
 	}
 	p := principalFromContext(r.Context())
+	// Reserve the per-user upload cooldown BEFORE streaming. The body is the
+	// expensive part (up to the 1 GiB blob cap), so without a reservation the
+	// throttle would never bound the resource it exists for: a caller could
+	// repeatedly start long uploads and abort them. Reserving also collapses the
+	// lane's parallel overshoot — a burst of concurrent uploads from one user
+	// yields exactly one admitted stream per replica. The rollback keeps a failed
+	// upload (aborted transfer, wrong format, spent quota) from burning the
+	// window, so a legit retry after a genuine failure is not punished.
+	lim := a.submitLimiter()
+	reservedAt, ok := lim.reserve(submissionUploadKey+p.UserID, a.SubmitUploadCooldown)
+	if !ok {
+		writeError(w, r, newError(http.StatusTooManyRequests, "submission_cooldown",
+			"an upload was accepted recently; wait a moment before uploading again"))
+		return
+	}
+	committed := false
+	defer func() {
+		if !committed {
+			lim.release(submissionUploadKey+p.UserID, reservedAt)
+		}
+	}()
 	id := r.PathValue("id")
 	sub, err := a.Submissions.UploadContext(r.Context(), id, p.UserID, r.Body)
 	if err != nil {
 		writeSubmitError(w, r, err)
 		return
 	}
+	committed = true
 	a.audit(r, p.Email, "submission.upload", sub.ID)
 	writeJSON(w, http.StatusOK, sub)
 }
@@ -250,9 +302,10 @@ var errSubmissionsUnavailable = newError(http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "submiss
 
 // writeSubmitError maps submit-package errors onto HTTP status codes. Only the
 // business sentinels are client-facing: a validation failure is 400, a missing
-// submission is 404, an already-reviewed submission is 409, and an unconfigured
-// upload transport is 503 (the store this deployment set has no implemented
-// transport — an honest "not available here", not a client error). Everything
+// submission is 404, an already-reviewed submission is 409, a spent per-user
+// allowance is 403 (the same status the server-resource quota answers with), and
+// an unconfigured upload transport is 503 (the store this deployment set has no
+// implemented transport — an honest "not available here", not a client error). Everything
 // else — including a build.ErrInvalid raised by the pre-CAS build.Validate (a
 // platform registry/context MISCONFIGURATION, never client input, since every
 // build input is platform-derived) and a post-CAS Submit hand-off failure — is a
@@ -267,6 +320,9 @@ func writeSubmitError(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, err error) {
 	case errors.Is(err, submit.ErrAlreadyReviewed):
 		writeError(w, r, newError(http.StatusConflict, "already_reviewed",
 			"submission has already been reviewed"))
+	case errors.Is(err, submit.ErrQuotaExceeded):
+		writeError(w, r, newError(http.StatusForbidden, "submission_quota_exceeded",
+			"submission quota reached"))
 	case errors.Is(err, submit.ErrBlobNotFound):
 		writeError(w, r, newError(http.StatusNotFound, "not_found", "no context uploaded for this submission"))
 	case errors.Is(err, submit.ErrUploadsUnavailable):

internal/api/submissions_test.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"felis.lolicon.best/internal/build"
 	"felis.lolicon.best/internal/submit"
@@ -567,3 +568,112 @@ func TestAdminSubmissionContextRoute(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})
 }
+
+// A spent per-user allowance is 403 submission_quota_exceeded on both the create
+// and the upload path — distinctly NOT the 400 a malformed request gets, and not
+// the 429 the cooldown answers with.
+func TestSubmissionQuotaIs403(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("create", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fs := &fakeSubmissions{createErr: fmt.Errorf("%w: 5 submissions are already awaiting review", submit.ErrQuotaExceeded)}
+		w := do(appSubAPI(fs).ExternalHandler(), "POST", "/api/v1/me/submissions", `{"display_name":"Pack"}`, nil)
+		if w.Code != http.StatusForbidden {
+			t.Fatalf("code = %d, want 403 (%s)", w.Code, w.Body.String())
+		}
+		if got := decodeErr(t, w); got != "submission_quota_exceeded" {
+			t.Errorf("error code = %q, want submission_quota_exceeded", got)
+		}
+	})
+	t.Run("upload", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fs := &fakeSubmissions{uploadErr: fmt.Errorf("%w: exceeds your remaining storage allowance", submit.ErrQuotaExceeded)}
+		w := do(appSubAPI(fs).ExternalHandler(), "POST", "/api/v1/me/submissions/sub-9/context", "\x1f\x8bdata", nil)
+		if w.Code != http.StatusForbidden {
+			t.Fatalf("code = %d, want 403 (%s)", w.Code, w.Body.String())
+		}
+		if got := decodeErr(t, w); got != "submission_quota_exceeded" {
+			t.Errorf("error code = %q, want submission_quota_exceeded", got)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// The per-user create cooldown bounds review-queue growth: a second create in
+// the same window is 429 submission_cooldown and never reaches the service; the
+// window recovers afterwards.
+func TestCreateSubmissionRateLimited(t *testing.T) {
+	fs := &fakeSubmissions{}
+	api := appSubAPI(fs)
+	clock := time.Unix(1_700_000_000, 0)
+	api.Now = func() time.Time { return clock }
+	api.SubmitCreateCooldown = time.Minute
+	eh := api.ExternalHandler()
+
+	if w := do(eh, "POST", "/api/v1/me/submissions", `{"display_name":"First"}`, nil); w.Code != http.StatusCreated {
+		t.Fatalf("first create: code = %d, want 201 (%s)", w.Code, w.Body.String())
+	}
+	w := do(eh, "POST", "/api/v1/me/submissions", `{"display_name":"Second"}`, nil)
+	if w.Code != http.StatusTooManyRequests || decodeErr(t, w) != "submission_cooldown" {
+		t.Fatalf("immediate second create: code = %d body %s, want 429 submission_cooldown", w.Code, w.Body.String())
+	}
+	// The gate sits before the body handling: even a malformed request is
+	// refused while the window is closed, so it cannot be used to probe.
+	if w := do(eh, "POST", "/api/v1/me/submissions", `{`, nil); w.Code != http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+		t.Fatalf("malformed create during cooldown: code = %d, want 429", w.Code)
+	}
+	clock = clock.Add(time.Minute + time.Second)
+	if w := do(eh, "POST", "/api/v1/me/submissions", `{"display_name":"Third"}`, nil); w.Code != http.StatusCreated {
+		t.Fatalf("post-cooldown create: code = %d, want 201 (%s)", w.Code, w.Body.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// A failed create frees the window: only a row that was actually recorded burns
+// the cooldown, so a validation typo is not punished with a wait.
+func TestCreateSubmissionFailureDoesNotBurnCooldown(t *testing.T) {
+	fs := &fakeSubmissions{createErr: fmt.Errorf("%w: display name is required", submit.ErrInvalid)}
+	api := appSubAPI(fs)
+	api.Now = func() time.Time { return time.Unix(1_700_000_000, 0) }
+	api.SubmitCreateCooldown = time.Minute
+	eh := api.ExternalHandler()
+
+	if w := do(eh, "POST", "/api/v1/me/submissions", `{"display_name":""}`, nil); w.Code != http.StatusBadRequest {
+		t.Fatalf("failed create: code = %d, want 400", w.Code)
+	}
+	fs.createErr = nil
+	if w := do(eh, "POST", "/api/v1/me/submissions", `{"display_name":"Fixed"}`, nil); w.Code != http.StatusCreated {
+		t.Fatalf("retry at the same instant: code = %d, want 201 (%s)", w.Code, w.Body.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// The per-user upload cooldown bounds context streaming: a second upload in the
+// same window is 429 submission_cooldown, and a FAILED upload frees the window
+// for an immediate retry.
+func TestUploadSubmissionContextRateLimited(t *testing.T) {
+	fs := &fakeSubmissions{}
+	api := appSubAPI(fs)
+	clock := time.Unix(1_700_000_000, 0)
+	api.Now = func() time.Time { return clock }
+	api.SubmitUploadCooldown = time.Minute
+	eh := api.ExternalHandler()
+	body := "\x1f\x8b\x08\x00 the modpack bytes"
+
+	if w := do(eh, "POST", "/api/v1/me/submissions/sub-9/context", body, nil); w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("first upload: code = %d, want 200 (%s)", w.Code, w.Body.String())
+	}
+	w := do(eh, "POST", "/api/v1/me/submissions/sub-9/context", body, nil)
+	if w.Code != http.StatusTooManyRequests || decodeErr(t, w) != "submission_cooldown" {
+		t.Fatalf("immediate second upload: code = %d body %s, want 429 submission_cooldown", w.Code, w.Body.String())
+	}
+
+	// A failed upload releases its reservation, so the user is not punished for
+	// a genuine failure (aborted transfer, spent quota) with a cooldown wait.
+	fs2 := &fakeSubmissions{uploadErr: submit.ErrUploadsUnavailable}
+	api2 := appSubAPI(fs2)
+	api2.Now = func() time.Time { return clock }
+	api2.SubmitUploadCooldown = time.Minute
+	eh2 := api2.ExternalHandler()
+	if w := do(eh2, "POST", "/api/v1/me/submissions/sub-9/context", body, nil); w.Code != http.StatusServiceUnavailable {
+		t.Fatalf("failed upload: code = %d, want 503", w.Code)
+	}
+	fs2.uploadErr = nil
+	if w := do(eh2, "POST", "/api/v1/me/submissions/sub-9/context", body, nil); w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("retry at the same instant after failure: code = %d, want 200 (%s)", w.Code, w.Body.String())
+	}
+}

internal/pgint/pgint_test.go

@@ -980,6 +980,14 @@ func TestSubmitStoreContract(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := s.CreateSubmission(ctx, sub); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("CreateSubmission: %v", err)
 	}
+	// The pending-queue count is the read behind the per-user pending cap: a
+	// fresh user starts at zero and a pending row counts.
+	if n, err := s.CountPendingSubmissionsBy(ctx, u.ID); err != nil || n != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("CountPendingSubmissionsBy after create = (%d, %v), want (1, nil)", n, err)
+	}
+	if n, err := s.CountPendingSubmissionsBy(ctx, u.ID+"-nobody"); err != nil || n != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("CountPendingSubmissionsBy for an unknown user = (%d, %v), want (0, nil)", n, err)
+	}
 	got, err := s.GetSubmission(ctx, id)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("GetSubmission: %v", err)
@@ -1012,6 +1020,10 @@ func TestSubmitStoreContract(t *testing.T) {
 	if ok, err := s.RejectSubmission(ctx, id, "[email protected]", "no", now); err != nil || ok {
 		t.Fatalf("reject after approve = (%v, %v), want (false, nil)", ok, err)
 	}
+	// A reviewed row leaves the pending queue.
+	if n, err := s.CountPendingSubmissionsBy(ctx, u.ID); err != nil || n != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("CountPendingSubmissionsBy after approve = (%d, %v), want (0, nil)", n, err)
+	}
 	got, _ = s.GetSubmission(ctx, id)
 	if got.Status != submit.StatusApproved || got.ImageRef == "" || got.ReviewedBy != "[email protected]" || got.ReviewedAt == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("approved row = %+v", got)

internal/submit/blobstore.go

@@ -129,5 +129,25 @@ func (s *LocalContextStore) Open(_ context.Context, id string) (io.ReadCloser, e
 	return f, nil
 }
 
+// Size reports the stored blob's size — the accounting read behind the per-user
+// storage budget. A missing blob is (0, false, nil): absence is not an error
+// here, it is simply no bytes to count (the same distinction Exists draws for
+// Approve).
+func (s *LocalContextStore) Size(_ context.Context, id string) (int64, bool, error) {
+	dir, err := s.dir(id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, false, err
+	}
+	fi, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(dir, contextBlobName))
+	switch {
+	case err == nil:
+		return fi.Size(), true, nil
+	case os.IsNotExist(err):
+		return 0, false, nil
+	default:
+		return 0, false, fmt.Errorf("submit: stat context blob: %w", err)
+	}
+}
+
 // Compile-time proof that the filesystem store satisfies the Blobs transport.
 var _ Blobs = (*LocalContextStore)(nil)

internal/submit/pgstore.go

@@ -33,6 +33,14 @@ func (s *PGStore) CreateSubmission(ctx context.Context, sub *Submission) error {
 	return err
 }
 
+func (s *PGStore) CountPendingSubmissionsBy(ctx context.Context, submittedBy string) (int, error) {
+	const q = `SELECT count(*) FROM image_submissions
+		WHERE submitted_by = $1 AND status = 'pending_review'`
+	var n int
+	err := s.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, q, submittedBy).Scan(&n)
+	return n, err
+}
+
 func (s *PGStore) GetSubmission(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Submission, error) {
 	const q = `SELECT ` + submissionColumns + ` FROM image_submissions WHERE id = $1`
 	return scanSubmission(s.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, q, id))

internal/submit/s3store.go

@@ -187,6 +187,24 @@ func (s *S3ContextStore) Exists(ctx context.Context, id string) (bool, error) {
 	return true, nil
 }
 
+// Size reports the stored blob's size — the accounting read behind the per-user
+// storage budget. A missing object is (0, false, nil), the same distinction
+// Exists draws.
+func (s *S3ContextStore) Size(ctx context.Context, id string) (int64, bool, error) {
+	key, err := s.keyFor(id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, false, err
+	}
+	info, err := s.client.StatObject(ctx, s.bucket, key, minio.StatObjectOptions{})
+	if err != nil {
+		if isS3NotFound(err) {
+			return 0, false, nil
+		}
+		return 0, false, fmt.Errorf("submit: stat context blob: %w", err)
+	}
+	return info.Size, true, nil
+}
+
 // Open returns the stored context blob for id — the read side of the transport the
 // build Pod's fetch initContainer uses. minio's GetObject returns only once the
 // server answered with an object (it surfaces NoSuchKey up front), so a missing

internal/submit/submit.go

@@ -86,6 +86,12 @@ var (
 	ErrInvalid         = errors.New("submit: invalid request")
 	ErrNotFound        = errors.New("submit: submission not found")
 	ErrAlreadyReviewed = errors.New("submit: submission already reviewed")
+	// ErrQuotaExceeded reports that the caller's upload allowance is spent —
+	// either too many of their submissions are already awaiting review, or their
+	// stored contexts already fill the per-user byte budget. The request is not
+	// malformed; the allowance is exhausted. The API maps it to 403, matching the
+	// server-resource quota's status (spec §7).
+	ErrQuotaExceeded = errors.New("submit: quota exceeded")
 	// ErrUploadsUnavailable means this deployment configured a context store with
 	// no implemented upload transport (a nil Manager.Blobs — e.g. an object-store
 	// base with no client wired). UploadContext returns it so the endpoint reports
@@ -108,14 +114,37 @@ func invalidf(format string, a ...any) error {
 // preserves that chain through to the API error mapper.
 var errContextTooLarge = fmt.Errorf("%w: build context exceeds the maximum allowed size", ErrInvalid)
 
+// errStorageQuota trips when an upload would push the user past their per-user
+// storage budget. It wraps ErrQuotaExceeded so the API answers 403, distinctly
+// from errContextTooLarge's 400: the blob is fine, the allowance is spent.
+var errStorageQuota = fmt.Errorf("%w: the upload exceeds your remaining storage allowance", ErrQuotaExceeded)
+
 const (
 	maxDisplayName  = 200
 	maxRejectReason = 1000
 	// defaultMaxContextBytes caps an uploaded build-context blob. Modpack contexts
 	// (mods, configs, an occasional bundled world) are large, so the cap is
 	// generous; it bounds what one untrusted upload can write to the uploads PVC,
-	// not a tight quota. Override per-Manager via MaxContextBytes.
+	// one blob at a time. The per-user budget below bounds the SUM across a user's
+	// uploads; this cap is what keeps any single write bounded. Override per-Manager
+	// via MaxContextBytes.
 	defaultMaxContextBytes = 1 << 30 // 1 GiB
+	// defaultMaxPendingPerUser caps how many pending_review submissions one user
+	// may hold at once. Untrusted ingress has no natural bound — a logged-in
+	// player could otherwise file rows all day — and every pending row is a
+	// review-queue item an admin has to read, so the cap is small on purpose:
+	// enough to stage a couple of packs, far short of a flood. Override per
+	// Manager via MaxPendingPerUser.
+	defaultMaxPendingPerUser = 5
+	// defaultMaxStoredBytesPerUser caps the total bytes one user's stored
+	// contexts may occupy on the uploads store. The uploads PVC renders at a
+	// fixed 5Gi (platform/workloads.go); without a per-user budget one account
+	// could fill it and every other user's upload would start failing. Two GiB
+	// leaves room for a couple of full-size modpacks (a single blob may be 1 GiB)
+	// while keeping a small user base from exhausting the volume; size the PVC
+	// above users × this budget before raising it. Override per Manager via
+	// MaxStoredBytesPerUser.
+	defaultMaxStoredBytesPerUser = 2 << 30 // 2 GiB
 )
 
 // displayNameRE constrains the user-supplied label to a calm, single-line set:
@@ -149,6 +178,10 @@ type Submission struct {
 type Store interface {
 	// CreateSubmission inserts a pending_review row.
 	CreateSubmission(ctx context.Context, s *Submission) error
+	// CountPendingSubmissionsBy reports how many of one user's submissions are
+	// still pending_review — the queue-length read behind the per-user pending
+	// cap in Create.
+	CountPendingSubmissionsBy(ctx context.Context, submittedBy string) (int, error)
 	// GetSubmission loads one submission, or ErrNotFound.
 	GetSubmission(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Submission, error)
 	// ListSubmissions returns every submission, newest first (admin queue).
@@ -196,6 +229,12 @@ type Builds interface {
 type Blobs interface {
 	Put(ctx context.Context, id string, r io.Reader) (int64, error)
 	Exists(ctx context.Context, id string) (bool, error)
+	// Size returns the stored blob's size in bytes; ok=false means no blob is
+	// stored for id. UploadContext sums this over a user's submissions to enforce
+	// the per-user storage budget, so it must report what is actually on the
+	// store — never a recorded number that could drift from it (a re-upload
+	// supersedes the previous blob in place).
+	Size(ctx context.Context, id string) (int64, bool, error)
 	// Open returns the stored blob's bytes for the internal context-fetch route
 	// the build Pod's initContainer dials (cmd/felis fetch-context). It returns an
 	// error wrapping ErrBlobNotFound when no blob exists, so the route can answer
@@ -239,6 +278,12 @@ type Manager struct {
 	// MaxContextBytes overrides the uploaded-context size cap; 0 uses
 	// defaultMaxContextBytes.
 	MaxContextBytes int64
+	// MaxPendingPerUser overrides how many of one user's submissions may await
+	// review at once; 0 uses defaultMaxPendingPerUser.
+	MaxPendingPerUser int
+	// MaxStoredBytesPerUser overrides the per-user stored-context budget; 0 uses
+	// defaultMaxStoredBytesPerUser.
+	MaxStoredBytesPerUser int64
 
 	Now   func() time.Time
 	IDGen func() string
@@ -251,6 +296,20 @@ func (m *Manager) maxContextBytes() int64 {
 	return defaultMaxContextBytes
 }
 
+func (m *Manager) maxPendingPerUser() int {
+	if m.MaxPendingPerUser > 0 {
+		return m.MaxPendingPerUser
+	}
+	return defaultMaxPendingPerUser
+}
+
+func (m *Manager) maxStoredBytesPerUser() int64 {
+	if m.MaxStoredBytesPerUser > 0 {
+		return m.MaxStoredBytesPerUser
+	}
+	return defaultMaxStoredBytesPerUser
+}
+
 func (m *Manager) now() time.Time {
 	if m.Now != nil {
 		return m.Now()
@@ -344,6 +403,18 @@ func (m *Manager) Create(ctx context.Context, req CreateRequest) (*Submission, e
 		return nil, invalidf("submitter identity is required")
 	}
 
+	// Per-user pending cap: every pending row is a review-queue item an admin
+	// must read, so one account may not park an unbounded number of them. The
+	// check and the insert are not atomic (two concurrent creates may jointly
+	// land one row over the cap); that is a soft overshoot of a queue-length
+	// lever, not a resource bound, so it is deliberately not worth a lock.
+	if pending, err := m.Store.CountPendingSubmissionsBy(ctx, req.SubmittedBy); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if pending >= m.maxPendingPerUser() {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %d submissions are already awaiting review (limit %d)",
+			ErrQuotaExceeded, pending, m.maxPendingPerUser())
+	}
+
 	id := m.newID()
 	s := &Submission{
 		ID:          id,
@@ -373,7 +444,10 @@ func (m *Manager) Create(ctx context.Context, req CreateRequest) (*Submission, e
 //   - the context is mutable ONLY while pending_review — once approved the build
 //     has already consumed it, once rejected it is dead;
 //   - the body must be a gzip tarball (context.tar.gz) and is size-capped, so a
-//     wrong-format or oversize upload is rejected as a 400 without persisting.
+//     wrong-format or oversize upload is rejected as a 400 without persisting;
+//   - a user's stored contexts are budgeted (MaxStoredBytesPerUser): the write
+//     is capped at the remaining budget, so an upload that would exceed it is
+//     refused as a spent allowance (403) before the excess is persisted.
 //
 // A re-upload while still pending atomically supersedes the previous blob, so a
 // user can fix their pack before an admin reviews it.
@@ -404,22 +478,72 @@ func (m *Manager) UploadContext(ctx context.Context, id, submittedBy string, r i
 		return nil, invalidf("build context must be a gzip-compressed tarball (.tar.gz)")
 	}
 
-	// Cap the size: cappedReader trips errContextTooLarge on the first byte past
-	// the limit, so the store never persists an oversize blob (it removes its temp
-	// file on the copy error) and the failure surfaces as a 400, not a 500.
-	if _, err := m.Blobs.Put(ctx, id, &cappedReader{r: br, left: m.maxContextBytes()}); err != nil {
+	// Per-user storage budget: sum the bytes this user's OTHER submissions
+	// already hold (excluding this id, whose blob a re-upload supersedes) and cap
+	// the write at whatever remains. cappedReader trips on the first byte past
+	// the limit, so the store never persists a blob that would exceed the budget
+	// (it removes its temp file on the copy error) and the failure surfaces as a
+	// 403, not a 500. The read-then-write pair is not atomic in this package: a
+	// burst that reaches two api replicas (or any direct caller of the Manager)
+	// can overshoot by up to one blob per interleaved upload — each write still
+	// bounded by the single-blob cap — while the API's per-user upload
+	// reservation collapses the single-replica case.
+	used, err := m.storedBytes(ctx, submittedBy, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	remaining := m.maxStoredBytesPerUser() - used
+	if remaining <= 0 {
+		return nil, errStorageQuota
+	}
+	limit, over := m.maxContextBytes(), errContextTooLarge
+	if remaining < limit {
+		// The budget binds before the single-blob cap: an upload tripping here is
+		// refused as a spent allowance, never as a malformed request.
+		limit, over = remaining, errStorageQuota
+	}
+	if _, err := m.Blobs.Put(ctx, id, &cappedReader{r: br, left: limit, over: over}); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return sub, nil
 }
 
+// storedBytes sums the stored-blob sizes of submittedBy's submissions, excluding
+// excludeID — the submission a pending re-upload is about to replace, whose
+// bytes must not be counted twice. Sizes are read from the blob store itself,
+// the same source of truth uploads/approval consult, so the sum cannot drift
+// from what is actually occupying the volume (including blobs uploaded before
+// any budget existed).
+func (m *Manager) storedBytes(ctx context.Context, submittedBy, excludeID string) (int64, error) {
+	subs, err := m.Store.ListSubmissionsBy(ctx, submittedBy)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	var total int64
+	for _, s := range subs {
+		if s.ID == excludeID {
+			continue
+		}
+		n, ok, err := m.Blobs.Size(ctx, s.ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		if ok {
+			total += n
+		}
+	}
+	return total, nil
+}
+
 // cappedReader passes through at most left bytes; the first byte beyond the limit
-// trips errContextTooLarge. It reads one probe byte past the limit to tell an
-// exactly-at-limit blob (accepted) from a larger one (rejected), so a stream of
-// exactly the cap is never falsely rejected.
+// trips over — errContextTooLarge for the single-blob cap, errStorageQuota when
+// the per-user budget binds first. It reads one probe byte past the limit to tell
+// an exactly-at-limit blob (accepted) from a larger one (rejected), so a stream
+// of exactly the cap is never falsely rejected.
 type cappedReader struct {
 	r    io.Reader
 	left int64
+	over error
 }
 
 func (c *cappedReader) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
@@ -429,7 +553,7 @@ func (c *cappedReader) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
 		var probe [1]byte
 		n, err := c.r.Read(probe[:])
 		if n > 0 {
-			return 0, errContextTooLarge
+			return 0, c.over
 		}
 		if err == nil {
 			return 0, io.EOF

internal/submit/submit_test.go

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ type fakeBlobs struct {
 	stored      map[string][]byte
 	putErr      error
 	existsErr   error
+	sizeErr     error
 	forceExists *bool // overrides the stored-map lookup for the approve-gate tests
 }
 
@@ -52,6 +53,18 @@ func (f *fakeBlobs) Exists(_ context.Context, id string) (bool, error) {
 	return ok, nil
 }
 
+// Size mirrors the real stores: a missing blob is (0, false, nil).
+func (f *fakeBlobs) Size(_ context.Context, id string) (int64, bool, error) {
+	if f.sizeErr != nil {
+		return 0, false, f.sizeErr
+	}
+	b, ok := f.stored[id]
+	if !ok {
+		return 0, false, nil
+	}
+	return int64(len(b)), true, nil
+}
+
 func (f *fakeBlobs) Open(_ context.Context, id string) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
 	b, ok := f.stored[id]
 	if !ok {
@@ -73,6 +86,7 @@ type fakeStore struct {
 	subs map[string]*Submission
 
 	createErr  error
+	countErr   error
 	approveErr error
 	rejectErr  error
 	linkErr    error
@@ -91,6 +105,19 @@ func (f *fakeStore) CreateSubmission(_ context.Context, s *Submission) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (f *fakeStore) CountPendingSubmissionsBy(_ context.Context, by string) (int, error) {
+	if f.countErr != nil {
+		return 0, f.countErr
+	}
+	var n int
+	for _, s := range f.subs {
+		if s.SubmittedBy == by && s.Status == StatusPendingReview {
+			n++
+		}
+	}
+	return n, nil
+}
+
 func (f *fakeStore) GetSubmission(_ context.Context, id string) (*Submission, error) {
 	s, ok := f.subs[id]
 	if !ok {
@@ -671,6 +698,127 @@ func TestUploadContextNoTransportUnavailable(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// The per-user pending cap bounds the review queue: at the limit a new create is
+// refused with ErrQuotaExceeded (403), a reviewed row frees a slot, and another
+// user's queue is unaffected.
+func TestCreatePendingCapRejects(t *testing.T) {
+	m, _, _ := newManager()
+	m.MaxPendingPerUser = 2
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		if _, err := m.Create(ctx, CreateRequest{DisplayName: "Pack", SubmittedBy: "user-1"}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("create %d: %v", i+1, err)
+		}
+	}
+	_, err := m.Create(ctx, CreateRequest{DisplayName: "Pack", SubmittedBy: "user-1"})
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrQuotaExceeded) {
+		t.Fatalf("create past the cap = %v, want ErrQuotaExceeded", err)
+	}
+
+	// A verdict moves the row out of pending_review, so the slot frees up.
+	if _, err := m.Reject(ctx, "sub-1", "[email protected]", "out of scope"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Reject: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := m.Create(ctx, CreateRequest{DisplayName: "Pack", SubmittedBy: "user-1"}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("create after review: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// The cap is per user, never global.
+	if _, err := m.Create(ctx, CreateRequest{DisplayName: "Other", SubmittedBy: "user-2"}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("other user's first create: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// The per-user storage budget bounds the sum of a user's stored contexts. It is
+// charged against the blob store's actual sizes, refuses at the boundary with
+// ErrQuotaExceeded (403 — not the 400 a single oversize blob gets), and does not
+// double-charge a re-upload of the same submission.
+func TestUploadContextStorageBudget(t *testing.T) {
+	m, _, _ := newManager()
+	fb := newFakeBlobs()
+	m.Blobs = fb
+	m.MaxStoredBytesPerUser = 10 // tiny budget; gzBody is 4 magic bytes + payload
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	a, err := m.Create(ctx, CreateRequest{DisplayName: "A", SubmittedBy: "user-1"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("create A: %v", err)
+	}
+	b, err := m.Create(ctx, CreateRequest{DisplayName: "B", SubmittedBy: "user-1"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("create B: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := m.UploadContext(ctx, a.ID, "user-1", strings.NewReader(gzBody("a"))); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("first upload: %v", err)
+	}
+	// A's 5 bytes leave 5. B's exactly-5-byte blob must be accepted — the budget
+	// binds only past the limit, never at it.
+	if _, err := m.UploadContext(ctx, b.ID, "user-1", strings.NewReader(gzBody("b"))); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("upload exactly at the budget = %v, want accepted", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := m.UploadContext(ctx, a.ID, "user-1", strings.NewReader(gzBody("far too much"))); err != nil {
+		// A re-upload is charged only for its NEW bytes (its old blob is
+		// superseded), and 16 bytes exceed the 5 bytes left after B.
+		if !errors.Is(err, ErrQuotaExceeded) {
+			t.Fatalf("re-upload past the budget = %v, want ErrQuotaExceeded", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		t.Fatal("re-upload past the budget was accepted")
+	}
+	// Nothing oversize persisted, and A's good blob was not clobbered.
+	if string(fb.stored[a.ID]) != gzBody("a") {
+		t.Fatalf("A's blob = %q, want the original (a failed re-upload must not replace it)", fb.stored[a.ID])
+	}
+
+	// B now holds 5 and the budget is full: a fresh submission's upload is
+	// refused up front, before reading any body.
+	c, err := m.Create(ctx, CreateRequest{DisplayName: "C", SubmittedBy: "user-1"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("create C: %v", err)
+	}
+	_, err = m.UploadContext(ctx, c.ID, "user-1", strings.NewReader(gzBody("c")))
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrQuotaExceeded) {
+		t.Fatalf("upload with no budget left = %v, want ErrQuotaExceeded", err)
+	}
+	if _, ok := fb.stored[c.ID]; ok {
+		t.Fatal("a budget-refused upload must persist nothing")
+	}
+
+	// A 5-byte replacement of A fits exactly (10 − B's 5), proving the
+	// replacement is not double-charged against its own old bytes.
+	if _, err := m.UploadContext(ctx, a.ID, "user-1", strings.NewReader(gzBody("z"))); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("budget-exact replacement = %v, want accepted", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// A single oversize blob stays a 400 (ErrInvalid), distinct from the 403 the
+// per-user budget answers with — the two failure classes must not collapse.
+func TestUploadContextOversizeIsNotQuotaError(t *testing.T) {
+	m, _, _ := newManager()
+	fb := newFakeBlobs()
+	m.Blobs = fb
+	m.MaxContextBytes = 4
+	seed, _ := m.Create(context.Background(), CreateRequest{DisplayName: "Pack", SubmittedBy: "user-1"})
+
+	_, err := m.UploadContext(context.Background(), seed.ID, "user-1", strings.NewReader(gzBody("too big")))
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrInvalid) || errors.Is(err, ErrQuotaExceeded) {
+		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want ErrInvalid and NOT ErrQuotaExceeded", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// A store failure while counting the pending queue must surface as-is, never as
+// a quota verdict that blames the user.
+func TestCreatePendingCountFailureSurfaces(t *testing.T) {
+	m, st, _ := newManager()
+	st.countErr = errors.New("db is down")
+	_, err := m.Create(context.Background(), CreateRequest{DisplayName: "Pack", SubmittedBy: "user-1"})
+	if err == nil || errors.Is(err, ErrQuotaExceeded) {
+		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want the raw store failure", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestApproveRefusesMissingContext(t *testing.T) {
 	// With a transport wired, approving a submission whose context was never
 	// uploaded fails BEFORE the CAS: the row stays pending and no build starts.

panel/src/i18n/resources/en-US/errors.json

@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@
   "build_unavailable": "Image builds aren't available right now.",
   "build_logs_unavailable": "Build logs aren't available right now.",
   "already_reviewed": "This submission has already been reviewed.",
+  "submission_quota_exceeded": "Your submission quota is full: too many pending reviews, or your stored uploads are at the limit.",
+  "submission_cooldown": "Too many submission requests — try again shortly.",
   "submissions_unavailable": "Submissions aren't available right now.",
   "uploads_unavailable": "Uploads aren't available right now.",
   "backup_unavailable": "Backups aren't available right now.",

panel/src/i18n/resources/zh-CN/errors.json

@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@
   "build_unavailable": "构建功能当前不可用。",
   "build_logs_unavailable": "构建日志暂时不可用。",
   "already_reviewed": "该提交已经审核过了。",
+  "submission_quota_exceeded": "你的提交配额已满：待审核提交过多，或已存上传总量达到上限。",
+  "submission_cooldown": "操作太频繁——请稍后再试。",
   "submissions_unavailable": "提交流程当前不可用。",
   "uploads_unavailable": "上传功能当前不可用。",
   "backup_unavailable": "备份功能当前不可用。",

panel/src/lib/api.test.ts

@@ -522,6 +522,14 @@ describe("image whitelist and builds wire shapes", () => {
       expect((opts as RequestInit).body).toBe(blob);
       expect((opts as RequestInit).headers).toEqual({ "Content-Type": "application/x-gzip" });
     });
+
+    // The lane's two throttled outcomes (a spent allowance, a closed cooldown)
+    // must surface as their own copy, not the generic forbidden/error text.
+    it("maps the submission quota/cooldown codes to stable human copy", async () => {
+      const { humanizeError } = await import("./api");
+      expect(humanizeError({ code: "submission_quota_exceeded" })).toMatch(/quota/i);
+      expect(humanizeError({ code: "submission_cooldown" })).toMatch(/try again/i);
+    });
   });
 
   describe("updates maintenance window", () => {

panel/src/lib/api.ts

@@ -722,6 +722,10 @@ export function humanizeError(e: unknown): string {
       return t("build_logs_unavailable");
     case "already_reviewed":
       return t("already_reviewed");
+    case "submission_quota_exceeded":
+      return t("submission_quota_exceeded");
+    case "submission_cooldown":
+      return t("submission_cooldown");
     case "submissions_unavailable":
       return t("submissions_unavailable");
     case "uploads_unavailable":